agºÍ¼Ç

À´Ô´£º¹ºÖÃӰϷƱ  £¬×÷Õߣº   £¬£º

ι  £¬ÄãÏþµÃÖ麣µÄÏÄÍåÂð£¿ßÖ  £¬Õâ¸öµØ·½Õ§Ò»ÌýÃû×Ö  £¬ËƺõÓеãÆÕͨ  £¬µ«ÆäʵÄÚÓÐǬÀ¤à£¡£²Ø×ÅÒ»¶ÑËíµÀµÄºÃÍæÐ¡Ïï×Ó  £¬³ÔµÄ¡¢ÍæµÄ¡¢ÅÄÕÕµÄ  £¬ÂѺø㣡ÄãÒªÊÇ»¹Ã»È¥¹ý  £¬ÄÇÕæÊÇ¿÷µ½ÂѶ¼ÌÛ¡£½ñÌìÎҾ͸úÄã½²½²¡°Ö麣ÏÄÍåСÏï×ÓÔÚÄÄ¿ÉÒÔÍæ¶ù¡±  £¬±£¹ÜÄãÌýÁËÂíÉÏÏë¿Ë¡£

ÂÑÔ¶²»Ô¶£¿ÏÄÍåСÏï×Ó¾ßÌåÔÚÄÄ

Ïà¹ØÍ¼Æ¬

¶ªÄÇÐÇ  £¬½²µ½ÏÄÍå  £¬Î»Öû¹ËãºÃÕÒ¡£¾ÍÔÚÖ麣Êй°±±ËÄÖÜ  £¬µØÌúÒ»ºÅÏßÒ²Äܸ㶨¡£ÄãÀ´Ö麣  £¬½²Î´±Ø»¹µÃ¹ý¹°±±¿Ú°¶¶Ô°É£¿ÄÇ˳·¿ËÏÄÍå¾ÍÂѱ㵱  £¬¹ÕÁ½²½¾Íµ½ÁË¡£ÏÄÍåÕâ¸öµØ·½  £¬ÌýÃû×ÖËÆºõ²»Õ¦µÎ  £¬ÆäʵÀïÃæµÄÏï×Ó°¤ÂÑÁË  £¬ÂÑ»ðÌ̵ÄËíµÀÌåÑé¾ÍÔÚÕâÀСÏï×Ó¶à  £¬±ðһͷÔú½øÈ¥ÃÔ·  £¬ÌýÎÒ½²¸ö¸ã·¨à£¡£

³ÔµÄÂѺã¡ÏÄÍåСÏï×ÓÀïµÄËíµÀÃÀʳ

ÄãÏþµÃû  £¬ÕâÀï³ÔµÄ¹¤¾ß²ÅÊÇÐÑÁú¡£ÂÑÊǵÄ  £¬Ê²Ã´¹ãʽÉÕÀ°¡¢ÀÏ×ֺų¦·Û¡¢Â±Î¶Ð¡Ì¯  £¬ÏÄÍåµÄСÏï×ÓÈ«ÊÇÕâЩ¸ãŨˮµÄºÃ¹¤¾ß¡£ÌرðÊÇÓÐÒ»¼ÒÂéÖ±µÄÌÇË®ÆÌ  £¬ÌÇË®ºÈµ½ÂѶ¼µø  £¬ÌDz»Äå  £¬ÁϹ»×ã  £¬½²ÕæµÄ  £¬ËãÂÑÃÍ¡ £ÁíÓÐÉÕÀ°Ì¯  £¬ÉÕ¶ìÆ¤´àÈâÄÛ  £¬ÂѺóԵ½ñ²£¡¿ËÄÇ¿­³Ô  £¬¼ÇµÃ´ø¶àµãÖ½½í  £¬ÂѵÎÊÖ¶¼¸ãʪ¡£

ÐÑÁúµã£º³ÔÌÇË®×îºÃÌôÍíÉÏÈ¥  £¬°×ÌìûÂÑÈËÆø¡£ÉÕÀ°Ì¯¼ÇµÃÎÊÀϰåÒª¶àµã½´ÓÍ  £¬ÂÑÏã¡£
Ïà¹ØÍ¼Æ¬

ÅÄÕÕñ²µÃÂѶ¼µø  £¬ÎÄÒÕ·çСÏï×Ó

ÏÄÍåµÄСÏï×ÓÁíÓÐÒ»¶ÑÐÑéÏ魵ĵط½  £¬ÊʺÏÅÄÕÕ¡£Äã¿ËÄÇ¿­  £¬ÆßºÚ°ËºÚµÄǽ±Ú  £¬´îÅäÄÇЩ²ÊÉ«µÄСÕÐÅÆ  £¬ËæÊÖÒ»ÅͼÏñ´óƬ  £¬ÂÑë»Ò¡£ÌرðÊÇijЩÏï×Ó¹Õ½Ç  £¬ÄÇЩÀÏÎÝ×ÓµÄשǽ  £¬´øµãËêÔºۼ£  £¬ÅijöÀ´ÓйÊʸС £ÁíÓÐЩµêËÁÃſڰڵľÉÎï¼þ  £¬Ê²Ã´ÀÏʽ·ìÈÒ»ú¡¢Öñ±àÀº×Ó  £¬ÂѺÃÍæ  £¬Êʺϴò¿¨·¢ÅóÓÑȦ¡£

ÁíÓÐÉ¶ÍæµÄ£¿±ðÖ»¹Ë³ÔºÍÅÄ

³ýÁ˳ԺÍÅÄ  £¬ÏÄÍåСÏï×Ó»¹ÄÜË£µãniaá̵Ť¾ß¡£ºÃ±ÈÓÐЩСµê»á¸ãÊÖ¹¤ÌåÑé  £¬Ïñ±à²ÝÉþ¡¢×ö¸öÊÖ¹¤ÊÎÆ·É¶µÄ  £¬ÂÑÓÐÒâ˼¡ £ÁíÓÐЩÏï×ÓÉî´¦²Ø×ŹÅÔçζµÄ²è�  £¬ÊʺÏ×øÏÂÀ´ÂýÂýºÈ¸öÔç²è  £¬µãÉϼ¸ÁýϺ½È¡¢²æÉÕ°ü  £¬ÂÑÊǵÄ  £¬Âé·³ÂѶ¼µß¡£ÄãÒªÊÇϲ»¶Ì½µãÓÐÀúÊ·µÄµØ·½  £¬ÕâÀïÒ²ÓÐЩÀϽ¨Öþ  £¬Ìý½²ÒÔǰÊÇÉ̼ÖÔÆ¼¯µÄµØ·½  £¬ÂѹýÁúµÄ¡£


ÄǾ¿¾¹Ö麣ÏÄÍåСÏï×ÓÔÚÄÄ¿ÉÒÔÍæ¶ù£¿ÂÑÓö¼Ã»£¡Ö±½Ó¹°±±ËÄÖÜÒ»ÕÒ¾ÍÓÐ  £¬¼Ç×ųԺÈÅÄÕÕÑùÑùÆëÈ«  £¬ÂѺÃÍæµÃñ²£¡

Ö麣ÏÄÍå, СÏï×Ó, ËíµÀÃÀʳ, ÎÄÒÕÅÄÕÕ, ÊÖ¹¤ÌåÑé

Ïà¹ØÍ¼Æ¬

¡¶Ô˳ǻ±Ê÷°¼¼¦ÎÑÔõôȥ¡·

ÓÐÒ»¸ö¹Êʱ»Ðí¶àÂÞÂíµÄ×÷¼ÒËùÖØ¸´  £¬»°ËµÓиöÈË£¨ËäÈ»Ãû×ÖÒѲ»¿É¿¼£©·¢Ã÷ÁË´ò²»ÆÆµÄ²£Á§  £¬²¢ÇÒ¸øÌ¨±ÈÁôÌì×Ó×öÁËÑÝʾ  £¬ÒÔÆÚ»ñµÃ·á¸»½±ÉÍ¡ £Ìì×ÓÎʸ÷¢Ã÷ÈË  £¬ÊÇ·ñÁíÓÐÆäËûÈËÖªÏþÕâÒ»ÃØÃÜ  £¬Ôڿ϶¨Ã»ÓÐÈÎºÎÆäËûÈËÖªµÀºó  £¬·¢Ã÷È˵ÄÄÔ´üÂíÉϱ»°áÁ˼Ò¡£Ì¨±ÈÁôÌì×Ó˵µÀ  £¬²»ÕâÑùµÄ»°  £¬»Æ½ðÆñ²»Òª±äµÃ¼úÈç·àÍÁ¡£ÕæÎ±ÁÙʱÆñÂÛ  £¬¾¿¾¹ÕâÖ»ÊÇÒ»¸ö¹ÊʰÕÁË¡£¿ÉÊÇ  £¬²»¹ÜÊÇÀÏÆÕÁÖÄᣨthe elder Pliny£©¡¢ÕÕ¾ÉÅåÌØÂÞÄáÎÚ˹£¨Petronius£©  £¬ÒÔ¼°Àúʷѧ¼Òᷰ¡¤¿­Ï¸ÎÚ˹£¨Dio Cassius£©¶¼Ã»ÓжԷ¢Ã÷¼ÒÏòÌì×ÓÒªÇó½±ÉÍ  £¬¶ø²»ÊÇÕÒÒ»¸öͶ×ÊÈ˽«Æä·¢Ã÷ͶÈëÉú²úÕâÒ»µã¸ÐÓ¦ÓÐʲô²î³Ø¾¢¡£ÕâÑùµÄÇéÐÎÄѵÀ²»ÁîÈËºÃÆæÂ𣿡­¡­ÎÒÃDZØÐëÖØ¸´ÌáÐÑ×Ô¼º  £¬´ÓÖÐÊÀ¼ÍÍíÆÚÒÔÀ´  £¬Å·ÖÞÔÚ¼¼Êõ¡¢¾­¼Ã¼°ÆäÏàÅãͬµÄ¼ÛÖµÌåϵ·½ÃæµÄ¾­ÀúÔÚÈËÀàÀúÊ·ÉÏÊÇΨһÎÞ¶þµÄ  £¬Ö±µ½½ü´ú¶ÔÍâ»õÎïÊä³ö³ÉΪһÖÖ³±Á÷¡£ÓÐÊ·ÒÔÀ´  £¬¼¼Êõ½ø²½¡¢¾­¼ÃÔö³¤¡¢Éú²úÂÊ  £¬ÉõÖÁЧÂÊ  £¬ÕâЩһֱ¶¼²»ÊÇÈËÃǵÄÖØÒªÄ¿±ê¡£Ö»ÒªÒ»ÖֿɽÓÊܵÄÉú»î·½·¨Äܹ»»ñµÃά³Ö  £¬²»¹ÜÈçºÎÈ¥½ç¶¨Ëü  £¬ÆäËûµÄ¼ÛÖµ¾Í»á¼ÌÐøÊÕµ½ÈËÃǵĹØ×¢¡£[1985  £¬µÚ147Ò³]

¡¶»´°²spaÂÛ̳¡·

Ãæ¶ÔÓâÆÚ  £¬ST½ðºèÌá³öÁË¿ª¶ËÓ¦¶Ô²½·¥¡£¹«Ë¾ÌåÏÖ  £¬½«Á¬ÐøÓë»ÕÉÌÒøÐÐÏàͬ  £¬ÕùÈ¡¾¡¿ì¾ÍÕ®Îñ½â¾ö¼Æ»®ÓëծȨÈ˸濢һÖÂÒâ¼û¡£Í¬Ê±  £¬Í¨¹ýÔöÇ¿±¾Ç®¿ØÖÆ¡¢¼ÓËÙÓ¦ÊÕÕË¿î½ÓÄɵȷ½·¨³ï´ë×ʽð¡£

¡¶³üÖÝÁµ°®Ò»Ìõ½Ö¡·

¼ÇÕߣºÎÒÃÇ×¢Òâµ½  £¬½üÆÚÈÕ±¾Õþ¸®ÔÚÀ©¾ü±¸Îä·½ÃæÐж¯²»¾ø  £¬²»µ«ÔÚÑз¢Ô¶³Ìµ¼µ¯¡¢·Å¿íÎäÆ÷³ö¿ÚµÈÃô¸ÐÁìÓòÊÍ·ÅÌôÐÆÐźÅ  £¬ÃÀÈÕ»¹ÃÜı½øÒ»²½É¡°Ö¸»ÓȨһÌ廯¡±¡£ÇëÎʹú·À²¿¶Ô´ËÓÐºÎÆÀÂÛ£¿

ÍøÕ¾µØÍ¼